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https://doi.org/10.24546/00074113
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2024-04-26
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00074113 (fulltext)
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00074113
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国際的検疫制度の成立 : 第1,2回国際衛生会議(上)
コクサイテキ ケンエキ セイド ノ セイリツ:ダイ 1,2 カイ コクサイ エイセイ カイギ (ジョウ)
その他のタイトル
The Formation of the International Quarantine System:The First and the Second International Sanitary Conferences (1)
著者
著者名
永田, 尚見
Nagata, Naomi
ナガタ, ナオミ
所属機関名
神戸大学大学院国際協力研究科
収録物名
国際協力論集
巻(号)
8(3)
ページ
133-161
出版者
神戸大学大学院国際協力研究科
刊行日
2001-02
公開日
2007-05-28
抄録
The purpose of this paper is to explain how and why the international quarantine system was established at the international sanitary conferences in 1851 and 1859. In the nineteenth century, the development of foreign trade brought European countries closer to the endemic sources of plague, yellow fever and cholera. The fear of the cholera infection in particular precipitated collective international efforts to put epidemics of infectious diseases under international surveillance and control. There was a heated debate between two doctrines (the contagionist and the anticontagionist) over how to prevent these diseases. The former doctrine, believing that epidemic diseases came from foreign countries, supported quarantine measures for preventing the further spread of the diseases. The latter, grounded in the theory that epidemic diseases resulted from unsanitary housing, proposed sanitary measures. The real difficulty was how to reconcile the fear of these new epidemics with the smooth movement of ships, people, and merchandise. Quarantine legislation in a number of countries sanctioned the use of the most brutal and excessive measures. Arbitrary judgement concerning the sanitary conditions of departure port of ships led to serious conflicts over health documents between the sanitary authorities and the captains or owners of ships. The absence of scientific data on the causes of epidemic diseases and the path of their transmission made quarantine measures arbitrary. On the other hand, the sanitary conditions of ports and especially of ships were far from good. For the 1851 conference, each of twelve European states (including Turkey) delegated two members (one physician and one diplomat) to attend. It was here the international sanitary convention (11 articles) and international quarantine rules (137 clauses) were concluded. The convention was, however, ratified by only three countries. At the 1859 conference, the same group of states (the Two-Sicilies excluded) delegated only diplomats, who, having reviewed the 1851 convention, concluded another sanitary convention (44 articles). However, no state ratified this convention. In the agreed convention, quarantine was obligatory for plague and yellow fever, but for cholera it was discretionary. All ships were required to receive a bill of health. The duration of the quarantine depended on the declaration by the sanitary authorities of the departure port. Minimal and maximal terms of quarantine were prescribed for all ships depending on the disease. All commodities were divided into three classes: quarantine-obligatory, facultative or exemptive. Inspection of the hygienic conditions, provisions and water was required at the port of departure. Quarantine dues and charges were not to exceed the actual cost of the services. The sanitary authority was to consist of a director of health(appointed by the government) and a local council. The consul of other countries was entitled to attend this council. Another twelve international sanitary conferences were held from 1866 to 1938.
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国際協力研究科
国際協力論集
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8巻
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8巻3号(2001-02)
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資源タイプ
departmental bulletin paper
言語
Japanese (日本語)
ISSN
0919-8636
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AN10418744
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110000551583
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