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https://doi.org/10.24546/81004328
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2024-03-29
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81004328 (fulltext)
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81004328
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open access
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タイトル
アメリカ各州における人権行政の現段階とその問題点 : 政策支出の計量分析を通じて
アメリカ カクシュウ ニ オケル ジンケン ギョウセイ ノ ゲンダンカイ ト ソノ モンダイテン : セイサク シシュツ ノ ケイリョウ ブンセキ ヲ ツウジテ
その他のタイトル
Civil Rights Policies in the American States : A Comparative Analysis of the Budgets for 2011-12 and 2012-13
著者
著者名
安岡, 正晴
Yasuoka, Masaharu
ヤスオカ, マサハル
所属機関名
神戸大学大学院国際文化学研究科
収録物名
国際文化学研究 : 神戸大学大学院国際文化学研究科紀要
巻(号)
38
ページ
47*-79*
出版者
神戸大学大学院国際文化学研究科
刊行日
2012-09
公開日
2013-01-07
抄録
This article quantitatively analyzes the major determinants of the American state civil rights expenditures for the fiscal years 2011-12 and 2012-13. Since the Great Depression of 2007-2009, state governments in the United States have faced sharp declines in revenues and have been obliged to drastically curtail their budgets. In the difficult fiscal climate, a cut in “not urgent” programs, such as civil rights, seems likely. However, previous researches on comparative state budgets provide only an overview of state government expenditures because they do not show the data of the detailed budget items, such as civil rights. They comparatively analyze the state budgets only in “large” categories, such as social security, education, and health care, rather than small items that are included in them. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the state civil rights budgets, firstly, I looked through all budget documents for the fiscal years 2011-12 and 2012-13, posted on the websites of all fifty state governments. In that process, I found that only 25 state governments have independently appropriated civil rights departments or commissions. Then, I conducted regression analyses of the civil rights related expenditures of the above-mentioned 25 state governments. Finally, I examined the cases of top three percapita civil rights budget states-Illinois, Michigan and Connecticut based on their annual reports to get a clearer picture of state civil rights policies in action. Regression analyses of the per capita civil rights spending do not show a statistically significant positive effect of political variables, such as the partisanship of the governors and the majority parties in the state legislatures. Only the unionization rate in the states has a significant positive impact on state civil rights expenditures. Through the statistical analyses, I found that per capita civil rights spending is largely a function of per capita total expenditures rather than that of state political environments. On the other hand, it is revealed that twelve out of twenty-five states have maintained or increased the levels of civil rights spending in spite of fiscal pressure. The case studies of Illinois, Michigan and Connecticut illustrate that there are still increasing number of discrimination allegations and that the agencies to address the discrimination issues continue to be needed. While half of the fifty states do not have independently budgeted civil rights or human rights agencies, housing and employment discriminations are still prevalent. How should the United States fill this gap? Political scientist Paul E. Peterson proposed a “functional theory of federalism.” In that discussion, Peterson maintains that state and local governments are not suited to provide social welfare services because they are financially restrained and have incentive to reduce welfare benefits. According to Peterson, it is a federal government’s responsibility to correct the disparities among the people regardless of where they reside. While almost fifty years have passed since the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, most of the southern states remain inactive in human rights administration in terms of budgets and organizational arrangements. To fill the gap among the states in providing civil rights related public services, the role of federal agencies seems to remain foremost.
カテゴリ
国際文化学研究科
国際文化学研究 : 神戸大学大学院国際文化学研究科紀要
>
38号(2012-09)
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departmental bulletin paper
言語
Japanese (日本語)
ISSN
1340-5217
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AN10436600
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110009504663
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