神戸大学附属図書館デジタルアーカイブ
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https://doi.org/10.24546/00181234
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2024-05-04
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00181234 (fulltext)
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00181234
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タイトル
タイ国における工業化と地域社会の変動
タイコク ニオケル コウギョウカ ト チイキ シャカイ ノ ヘンドウ
その他のタイトル
Local Industrialization and Social Change in Thailand
著者
著者名
北原, 淳
Kitahara, Atsushi
キタハラ, アツシ
所属機関名
神戸大学文学部
収録物名
国際協力論集
巻(号)
4(2)
ページ
77-97
出版者
神戸大学大学院国際協力研究科
刊行日
1996-12
公開日
2007-04-18
抄録
Southeast Asian countries have remarkably developed economically in “the new international division of labor" of the global system. This development has been supported by social and political conditions of each country. The important conditions to promote the capitalist development are,among others,the class structure and the independent state. The landlord has not been so strong except the Philippines,and the capitalist has been able to grow up under the support of the strong state. The state has pastly and presently been independent from social classes with its high efficiency. The undergoing democratization to replace the past authoritarian regime also seems to have functioned well to a higher stage of capitalist development. Thailand has been changing from a traditional agricultural country to a rapidly developing industrial country. This rapid economic development gave strong impact to her social change. The industrial development has hitherto been concentrated to the Bangkok metropolitan area,and it has now become a saturation point. A new decentralization policy has just begun in the1980s,and the Eastern Seaboard,which was located 80-180km in the Southeast direction of Bangkok,became one of the target areas for the decentralized industrialization. Our team has done main field surveys around Chonburi City twice in1986/87,1991/1992 under the financial support of Japanese Ministry of Education. Survey field,Chonburi City,was the center of the Eastern Seabord aea. Two main industrial estates,Laem Chabang and Maputaphut,have recently completed in the seaboard and the former is just located in the southern vicinity of Chonburi. Chonburi is one of the major cities around the metropolitan area and is now dramatically changing from a traditional administrative-commercial city into a modern financial-industrial city. In terms of public administration,it is also placed as a second center to the metropolis,and some branch offices are now planned to move there. Our survey team put main focus on the labor and life of workers both from the vicinity as well as from the remote Northeastern area. The main survey sites around Chonburi were their labor locations,including plantations and factries,and their residential communities. On the other hand,however,we could not follow the work and life of provincial business elites,and it would make some limitation for us to prospect the regional social structure of Chonburi as a whole. The main survey sites of labor location were factories around Chonburi and a rubber plantation in distant Trat Province,230km away from Chonburi. The main sites of residential area were a slum like community in peripheral Chonburi City, and a suburban village community,32km far from the city. By these four kinds of surveys (two main fields for the labor location and the residential community respectively),the survey team could find emerging of a fluid,complicated and cross-cut related social structure of a regional city,Chonburi. The labor market is vertically devided into the strata for the middle class clerical work,the modern commercial enterprise,the modern labor intensive factory,the “informal sector", and the lower manual work, basically according to the school education career. Generally speaking,the middle class clerical workers come from the graduates of university,college and some high school in the other urban areas,mainly in Bangkok. The modern commercial enterprise workers also come from high school graduates from other urban areas. The modern labor intensive factory workers come from the middle school graduates of the vicinity villages. On the other hand,the “informal sector" workers are residents of the lowest education career in the slum-like community of Chonburi City,who originally came from remote rural areas including the poor Northeast. The lower manual worker come seasonally from the Primary school graduates of the Northeast as well as nearby rural areas. To sum up,in terms of this labor market structure,the regional social structure of Chonburi is opend for the outsiders both of the higher better and the lower worse strata,but is rather closed for the local resident of the middle modest stratus. However,the meaning of the openness for the higher and lower strata is quite contrary. It provide the best stable position for the upper educated urban migrants,but the worst unstable and seasonal positions for the lowere ducated rural migrants. The residents of a slum-like community are classified into comparatively settled ones who have their own house and fluidly moving ones who have to rent their hamble house and room. The former can take part in more favorable established informal sectors and the latter have to choose such more dirty and dangerous works as construction. The latter are composed of both circular migrants from the Northeast and the wandering step migrants among the same size of regional cities. However,the “informal sector" workers usually get higher income than the formal labor intensive type of factory workers. The residents of a suburban village gave up their traditional rice farming and have changed their rice field into the broiler chicken house in the 1970s and the earlier 1980s,and then the fish pond in the later 1980s. Farming and fishing households are about half and others are non-agricultural laborers. Their living standard has improved after the electricity came into the village in the mid 1970s,but the living cost also has risen,and it was hard for them to continue traditional farming. The commercial farming and other non-farming work chance shave widened class differentiation among the peasants,with a few limited number of successful businessmen. The young people of the landless go to work in factories of northern Bangpakon industrial area,which,are rather worse in their working conditions. There are better work chances in nearby Chonburi,but it is difficult for them to find because of their low school carrier. The labor market is thus complicatd,and not closed into a regional center city,Chonburi. In closing the report,I will speculate a hypothesis of the newest stage of capitalist development in Thailand. Thailand seems to be now passing over the past overpopulated type of development,which basically depended upon labor intensive “Green Revolution" type of agriculture with labor intensive type of industry. Under this overpopulated system,it is hard for the total rural labor powers to be absorbed in the rural sector. The overflowed ones move to the urban area without full employment capacity,and it often causes the increase of slum and infomal sector. However,the situation has now changed and agriculture will decrease in its role in the economic structure. The coming labor shortage is even felt in the rural area,where peasants have changed the labor intensive technic of rice transplanting into the labor saving technic of rice broadcasting. Thailand as well as most of the ASEAN countires are now coming into the transitional stage to a higher structure of industrialization with partly labor shortage,where the new social policies,including social welfare,are very much needed for the laborers. However,Chonburi was not yet passing over this kind of stage when we surveyd.
カテゴリ
国際協力論集
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4巻
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4巻2号(1996-12)
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資源タイプ
departmental bulletin paper
言語
Japanese (日本語)
ISSN
0919-8636
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AN10418744
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NAID
110000551495
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URI
http://www.research.kobe-u.ac.jp/gsics-publication/jics/
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